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SPELLING CHANGES IN GERLYVER MEUR 2009
10 March 2010 This list was made as a by-product when updating the Biblical files, and is therefore strongly biblically oriented. On the left: usually GM93 (because some Biblical translations were made before 2000); but in some cases GM2000 is used, marked as %. GM09 is on the right. + : additional alternative (no need to change in Bible) [ ]: words not in GM93 or GM00, but needed. Bold: words found in the Biblical files and changed.
abrans m. > abrans f. a-denewenn % > a-denewen [reverting to GM93] a-dheghow > a-dhyghow a-dheghowbarth> a-dhyghowbarth ahas > a-has a henys [not in GM93 or 00, but henys is] > a-henys ‘of old’ BM167 – though its parallel a nowydh is not. Alman(es)> Almann(es) amanenn fem. > amanynn masc. amuk > ammok angablus> ankablus anger: + ‘anger’ angus > angoes ankredor > ankrydor annedher > annedhyas anperfeyth > anperfydh [anperfeythter] > anperfydhder antempna > antemna anvabas > anvabeth anwanyow > anwenyow ‘anvils’ arloedhesedh % > arloedheseth appys > apys ‘apes’ arwystel > arwoestel asyn pl. asenes > asen pl. asenes asynik % > asenik ‘foal of ass’ Zekaria 9:9? atalgyst > atalgist awktour > awtour ayrlergh > [only ayrlorghow now shown] barbar % [not in] barkado ‘bulk of pilchards’ [not in] basnet > basnett bason-ys: + -ow batel masc.> batel fem. bathor ‘coiner’ > bather belaber ‘swift runner’ [not in] OM2271 benyn-vas > ben’vas berr-anal > berranall blewynnow > blewennow bludh > bleudh Bohemi % > Bohem bolla -ys + pl bollow borlewenn> Borlowenn botellya > botella botler > bot’ler (alt. boteller) botonya > botona bragya> braggya bredereth ‘brotherhood’ > brederedh breow > + breyer breselyer > breselyas (i.e. breselyer not in GM09) brew > bryw + compounds brewgik > brywgik brewi > brywi brewliv > brywliv brewvann> brywvann brew adj. > bryw [brew noun] > bryw ‘bruise’ pl. brywyon ‘bruises’ brewyon ‘crumbs’ > brywyon (brywyon also ‘bruises’) brows ‘crumbs’> bryws ‘crumbled material’ [unattested] browsyon > brywsyon ‘crumbs’ [Lhwyd] buluk (-genn) > buthuk (-genn) bydh > byth ‘ever’ bynari > bynnari bysaj > bejeth bysmer > bismer bysyes > bysies chappenn ‘cap’ [not in GM09] chaptras pl. > chapters charet > charett charetys > charettys; + charettow chassya > chasya [ts] chastya % > chastia [reverted to GM93 spelling] chastyta > chastita [Chek ‘Czech’] > Chekk chekk > chek ‘pot’ chekker (chekkres) > chekkyar (chekkyer) ‘stonechat’ cheryta > cherita chigokk(es) > chigok (-ges) chylla ‘lamp-chill’ [not in; lamp for burning train-oil (whale blubber)] chymblys [as in GM93; GM09 [not in GM09] dans olifans > dans-olifans deghow > dyghow + compounds [deghowbarth masc.] > dyghowbarth fem [cfkledh-barth masc. in %] deghowle> dyghowles dehwelans > dehwelyans delledh impers. + delledhi v.n. demmas > denmas dens> dyns ‘teeth’ densek > dynsek densek dowr> dynsek-dowr densel > dynsel densoges > dynsoges denvydh > denvyth derag > dherag (recommended) derivas orth > derivas dhe (and 3s.pres derivis > derivas? Wait for new VK) deskow > deskys destrypya % > destryppya [reverting to GM93] devar > dever dewabrans > diwabrans dewdhorn > diwdhorn diala > diella diannedhder> diannetter dibyta > dibita [dijastyta> dijastita] diharas v.n. > dihares dillasi > dillasa divynya v.n. > divyn ‘chop up’ diwar > dhiwar (recommended) diworth > dhiworth )recommended) doester % > doesedh domhwelans > domhwelyans dorn masc > dorn fem [drogfara noun ‘bad behaviour’ used in Bible, not in dictionaries] > drogfara vb ‘to fare badly [will be replaced in Bible with something else] drokkoleth masc. > drokoleth fem. du > deu ‘ended’ dug > duk 'duke’ dugeth > duketh dughan > duwon dughanhe > duwena, duwenhe dyantell % > deantell [reverts to GM93] dyewa ‘pant’ > dyena dy’ Fenkast > dy’ Fenkost dynyta : dynita dyskant > dyskant ‘descant’ and diskan ‘duet dyowlek – [not in GM09]: [James 3:13 - will keep dyowlek as there seems to be no alternative. Breton diaoulek] Dyw > Duw dywes > duwes dywses > duwses eal > ehal ‘yoke-ox ebelli > ebeli ‘colts’ ebilyow > ebilyer ‘nails’ ebrenn > ebron Ebryl > Ebrel eghel ‘axle’ > aghel eghwa ‘afternoon’ + pl. eghwoedhow] elin avlymm % > elin sogh ‘obtuse angle’ enorys > enors ‘honours’ enyal > ynyal er ‘temple’ > [not in] use tal. In VC36 (eryow) er > her ‘heir’ eres fem. > heres ‘heiress’ erberow> erberow or erbers ertaj > ertach etew > yttew euryor > euryer euthek > euthyk Evrok > Evrek ewiges > ewigow ‘hinds’ ewn: + eun ewn-hys % ‘of the right length’ [not in] eyla % > eylya falghas > felghya [fals-gober ] > falswober [fals-gobrow] > falswobrow [Fariseow] pl. > Fariseys or –ow [left as –ow in Bible] fara vb ‘to behave’: + vb farya ‘behave, fare’ fara noun ‘behaviour > fara vb ‘to behave, + ‘to fare’; farwel > farwell fassow > fasow fasta > fastya fasthe > fastya [but imper. fastha kept in Bible as in RD1163, fastha jy dha vreder, precisely that phrase] [fastheans > fastyans] not in GM09 but needed in NT. felyon > fellyon ferow > feryow ‘shanks’ finwedh > finweth finwedha % > finwetha finwedh-doth > finweth-toeth fit> fytt flogh: fleghes + pl. fleghys. [fleghes kept in Bible] flogh-gwynn> flogh-wynn fol(es) > foll(es) folhwarth % > follhwarth folhwerthin > follhwerthyn folneth > follneth fornesyow > fornesow [forsek- > forsak-] [No i-aff.? await new VK] fowtow > fowtow or fowtys [fratyer] > pratyer ‘orator’ fromma/frenna (NanceCE38) ‘to fret’ – not in GM93 or 09 – use brogha instead). Galila> Galile garthow pl. > garthow fem. sing. ‘ox-goad’ gas > gass (Eng. ‘gas’) gas-dor % > gass-dor gedya > gidya ‘guide’ + compounds gedyans > gidyans gedyer > gidyer gerda > ger-da geryes-da > gerys-da glew > gluw 'intense' glow-wydh> glowwydh glow-wydhek> glowwydhek gluthboynt > gluthpoynt goesegenn % > goesogenn [reverting to GM93 spelling] gogo > gogow gon ‘gown’> goen N: golowder> golewder gonysyas > gonisyas gorhemmynn v.n. > gorhemmynna gormeula masc ‘praise’ > gormola fem. [but cf. kanmola masc. The ending –edh which –a represents is normally masc., so this may be a mistake] [gormeuli v.n. ] > gormel] [and eu > e in all parts of vb][gormeuli was recommended for a short time in 1997] [Query: whether eu or o appear in any part of the verb – await new VK] gorthybi orth % > gorthybi dhe, or dir. obj. gostyth > gostydh gostythter % > gostytter gotrel ‘furniture’ [not in GM09; misreading ofVC931] governya > governa govijyon > govisyon [grassans] > grasyans grasys ‘thanks’ > grasow gravath m. > gravath f. gustel ‘riot’ > goestel ‘pawn’ Acts 19:40, gustla [GM93 v.n. ‘riot’] > goestla ‘pawn’. Acts 17:5 Psa 106:7 106:42 Sir 16:7. Use terva or gul deray instead. gwahalieth > gwahalyeth gwann-ober > gwannober gwann-wikor > gwannwikor gwann-wre’ti> gwannwre’ti gwel ‘sight’ masc.> fem gwaytya v.n. > gwaytyas gwelenn byskessa > gwelenn-byskessa gwelenn-gala % > gwel’gala (S-K) [or use kalavenn instead] gwelv > gwevel ‘lip’ gwersyow > gwersow gwevya ‘wave’ - no change gwevya ‘flee’ (Nance) > gwayvya ‘abandon’ [gwelenn ryel > ternwellen ‘sceptre’] gwin fellys > gwin-fyllys gwir-vreus> gwirvreus gwlygha m. > gwlygha f. gwydhboell % > goedhboell gwylles [not in: ‘field gentian’] gwyrghesi > gwyrghesow (BK17/57) gwystel > goestel gwystlow ‘pawns’ > goestlow gwystel-tir > goestel-tir gwystla > goestla gyglet > giglet gyw/gyw > guw ‘lance; woe’ gywa % > guwa ‘to spear’ gywik ‘lancet’ % > guwik hager awel > hager-awel hager ober > hager-ober hanterdiner > hanter-diner hanterdydh, hanter dydh> hanter-dydh hanterkans % > hanter-kans [reverting to GM93] hanterkylgh > hanter-kylgh hanternos > hanter-nos hedra > hedre hell > hyll ‘slow’ heudhter > heudhder [heudhder %] helik > helyk helik-lowarth > helyk-lowarth her> er ‘defiance’ [her now = ‘heir’] hernenn wynn > hernenn-wynn hernesya> hernessya herya > erya ‘defy’ heudha % > heudhi hoba > hoba hoghwyw > hoghwuw hosket ‘hogshead’ [not in GM09] hosyas > hosyans ‘hoarseness’ huna > hunya hwansus ‘desirous’ [not in; TH64v + dhe] > hwansek, ewnek hwenn > hwynn ‘fleas’ hwynn > hwenn ‘weeds’ hwynnek > hwennek hwibes > gwibes hwymm-hwamm – now also adj. jornys > jorneow jornyow % > jorneow jynn amontya > jynn-amontya jynn-ebrenn > jynn-ebron jynn-yskynn % [not in] kader > kasor ‘warrior’ kadoryon > kasoryon kala > kala’ + sing. kalavenn kala-gweli > kala’ gweli [kammomdhoen % ‘misbehave’] [Exo 21:22,23:26– ‘miscarry’] [Not in] kampoella > kampoell – v.n. kangour [not in; but penn-kangour ‘centurion’ is] kankweyth> kanskweyth [kanmeula] > kanmola masc. – noun [but cf. gormola fem.] kanmeuli > kanmel - v.n. [Query: whether eu or o appear in any part of the verb – await new VK] kapa ‘cape’ [not in] kaskergh > kaskyrgh kath helik > kath helyk kegys % > keginys ‘cooked’ keher m. –ow > keherenn f. keher coll. kelliwik ‘grove’ > > ‘Callington’ kemmynn m. > kemmynn f. ‘bequest’ [kenegen Nance EC93] > keunegenn ‘marsh’ kenwystel > kenwoestel ‘bet’ kenwystla > kenwoestla [kesordener] > kesordenor keyndreynek % > keyn-dreynek ‘stickleback’ kildhens > kildhyns klas > klass klasek % > klassek klasya > klassa klasyans % > klassans kledh-barth masc. % >kledhbarth fem. knowenn basti > knowenn gofenn ‘brazil nut’ knyv > knew ‘fleece’ [but the v.n. is still knyvyas; so is ‘shearer’ knewer or knyver? I will keep knyver in the Bible] kogrenna > kogrenni ‘meander’ kolomm (coll.) > kolomm (fem sing.) kolommes f. pl. % ‘doves’ > kelemmi kolommennow % > + kelemmi coll. kolyn > kolen Komunyans Sans > Komun Sans kommondya > komondya konteth masc. > fem. koskor > koskordh ‘retinue’ kostys pl. > kostow koukow > koukou kovaytys > kovaytis kowethas f. > kowethas m. krakkya-konna adj. phr. > krakk y gonna [under krakk] kreftor > krefter [Kreta TH33v] > Kreth [but Kreta still preferred in Bible] Kristoneth f. % > Kristonedh m. Kristonieth f. > Kristonedh m. kristonya > kristoni krodhvolas orth % > krodhvolas war krogenek > krogenyek krollya > krullya ‘curl’ krommenn masc. > kromman fem. ‘sickle’ krowsprenn m. > krows-prenn f. kryshok > krys-hok ‘kestrel’ kulyogyon > kulyekes [!!], kulyoges kuryek > kuriek ‘pimple’ kwartenn ‘quarter’ > [no longer in; use kwartron] kyfya > kyfi ‘confide in’ [see note in GM09; avoid in Bible] kyfyans: [see GM09’s note; should perhaps be replaced with fydhyans in Bible] kyns lemmyn % > kyns-lemmyn kyns skrif > kyns-skrif ‘draft’ kyst > kist kystenn > kistenn ‘small box’ kyst-lyther > kist-lyther kystven > kistven ‘burial chamber’ lemmyn ‘only, but’ > lemen [lemmyn 443x in Bible, too many to check, but I don’t think we have ever used lemmyn in this sense] les densek >les-dynsek les-flogh >lesflogh ‘step-child’ leshanow > les-hanow lesloes > les-loes ‘horehound’ lesserghek > les-serghek ‘burdock’ les-tas > lestas ‘step-father’ lesterth > les-terth ‘feverfew’ les-vab > lesvab les-vamm> lesvamm les-vroder % > lesvroder (reverting to GM93) les-vyrgh > lesvyrgh [li, lia ‘[swear] oath’. Very poorly attested: ti preferable in the Bible. BM3740 gowlia looks dodgy.] But ti ti ‘to swear an oath’ sounds silly, and in some verses the Hebrew requires two different verbs. linaja ‘lineage’ [not in; use linyeth] logel f. > logel m. ‘coffin’ lostledan > lost-ledan ‘beaver’ lovanow pl. > lovonow lowenn gi> lowenn-ki ‘dog-louse’ lusow > lusu ‘ashes’ lusowek> lusuek lynnow pl. > lynnyn ‘ponds, lakes’ mab bronn > mab-bronn magla > maglenna manek plat > manek-blat ‘gauntlet’ mappaow pl. > mappow marners pl. : + marnoryon marthusyon + - i –ow marwystel % >marwoestel marwystla % > marwoestla mebyl > mebel medhygel % > medhegel medhygieth > medhegieth medhyglynn > medheglynn ‘spiced mead’ medhygneth >medhegneth medhygva> medhegva medhygyon >medhogyon medhyk > medhek medhyk-dens > medhek-dyns [meghtythyon (Nance)> maghtethyon] meni> mayni meschyf > meschyv messach % > messaj [reverting to GM93 spelling] milvedhygieth % > milvedhegieth milvedhyk % > milvedhek mis-Ebryl > mis-Ebrel molgh dhu > molgh-dhu mordryk > mordrik muskokter > muskotter moth(ow) > moeth(ow) myghternedh + myghternyow ‘kings’ Nasara > Nasare (but we will now adopt Nazareth for N.T.) negysya % > negysyas ‘negotiate’ nerthegeth > nerthogeth ‘stamina’ neweth ‘immaturity’: not in GM09 - error for nowydh BM197. Use anadhvetter instead? nisyta > nisita notha > noetha ‘winnow’ nothlenn> noethlenn ‘winnowing-sheet’ nowydha [not in GM09: use nowydhhe] nowydhadow % ‘renewable’ [not in] nowydhses % & EC93 ‘newness’[not in GM09] [kept 1x in Rom 6:4 for kainóths + LB] nowythhe > nowydhhe odor> odour ogatti % > ogasti ollsens >Ollsyns omdhoen ‘behaviour’ > om-dhoen [alt. omdhegyans] omdhoen ‘behave’ > omdhegi [omdhoen ‘conceive’ no change] omwethhe ‘deteriorate’ [not in; use gwethhe or omwetha ‘pine away’] orgelous> orgelus ostelri > hostleri /ostleri (both) palesys > palesyow [pareusi: 3s pres a bareus > a bares? Wait for new VK] parsel > parsell ‘squad’ parsels > parsellow parti pl. partys > pl. partiow past dens> dyenn dyns ‘toothpaste paw m.> paw f. pelganstell > pel-ganstell ‘basketball’ Penkast > Penkost [cf. dy’ Fenkost] pennardh > penn-ardh ‘promontory’ pennardhek % > penn-ardhek penndhyskador (-es) % > penndyskador (-es) penn-fol > penn-foll penngasenn > penn-gasenn [pl. pennow-gasen – misprint] pennglin % > penn-glin [reverting to GM93 spelling] pennklun % > penn-klun [reverting to GM93 spelling] penn-men % > pennmen pennrynn % > penn-rynn [reverting to GM93 spelling] pennsevigyon + -igyow [-yon kept in Bible] penn-trydydh [not in – but kept, as penn trydydh, on the authority of PC347, 2863] penshyon > gober omdennans, pension perfeyth > perfydh perfeythter > perfydhder perseth > per-seth ‘two-handled pot’ peswara > peswora peulvan > peulven peulvanow > peulveyn piw > piwa v.n. ‘own’ [couldn’t check this automatically because of ambiguity] plassow > plasow [reverting to GM93 spelling] [ts] plosethes > plosedhes plu [Nance] ‘parish’ > pluw plyw % > pluw pluek > pluwek plywek % > pluwek podrethek > podredhek podrethes > podredhes poll lo’n ‘cattle pond’ [not in GM09] poll lyfans % > poll kroenek polta > pol’ta pottys, -ow pl. > pottow (-ys removed) poyntya ‘to point’> ’poyntya ‘to appoint’ [apoyntya is still in] pray> preydh [Pray MC21 BM1872 kept in Isa 42:22 as 2 synonyms are required] pregowtha > pregoth v.n. [‘w’ retained when there is an ending] privyta > privita ‘privity’: CW857 = ‘private parts’; but could it be used for any of OED’s 6 definitions?] prontereth coll. ‘clergy’ > pronteredh m. sing. provochya > provokya prys boes > prys-boes pryson etc > prison pub dydh > pub-dydh adv. ‘every day’ [‘every-day’ adj. not in dicts.] > pub-dydhyek puboll [not in GM09, so treat as two separate words] [1Co 13:2] puptra > pup-tra pyta > pita pyteth m.> piteth f. pytethus > pitethus rabmen ‘granite gravel’ [not in GM09] ragleverel ‘foretell’ > [not in; ragleverys means ‘aforesaid’. Replace with dargana] ragskrif ‘preface’ [not in; kept] ragworra % ‘set before, prefix’ [not in GM09; torthow an ragworrans kept for ‘shewbread’] rahaya ‘sneeze’ [not in; use striwi] rakhemma ‘wherefore’[not in GM09; used 8x in Bible; kept]. rakhenwel > rakhanwel [henwel v.n. is in, and hanwel adj.] Is it a mistake? rakhenwys ‘aforesaid’ [not in separately, but rakhanwel is] remenants pl. > remenantow removya % > remova [reverting to GM93 spelling; and p.p. removys ?– await new VK] removyans % > removans restoryta > restorita rev> roev ‘oar’ revador > roevador revya > roevya ‘row’ revyans > roevyans reydh > reyth ‘right’ reynys ‘reigning’ [not in; p.p. of reynya – active p.p., as the vb is intrans.] reyth > reydh ‘sex’ robyer > robbyer roesenn ‘small net’ [not in] ros dhensek > ros dhynsek ‘gear wheel’ roth > roeth ‘shape’ rowedh > roweth [reverting to GM93 spelling] rudhhe > rudha rudhhes p.p. > rudhys rywvanes > ruvanes ‘queen’ rywvaneth m. > ruvaneth f. ‘kingdom’ ryal > ryel ryealder > ryelder ryw > ruw rywvanes > ruvanes rywvaneth > ruvaneth sandys > sandow ‘courses’ saw % > sawgh [reverting to GM93 spelling] [not searched in Bible because of ambiguity] sawn> saven ‘cleft’ sawnyow > savnow ‘clefts’ sellys ‘salted’ [not in separately; p.p. of salla, which is in] semlant > semlans sempleth > sempledh Sen (as title): + Synt. [Sen kept throughout LB] sens pl. > syns ‘saints’ seren > oferenn [misread by Nance] serghegenn % > serghogen ‘goosegrass’ [reverting to GM93 spelling] serghek ‘clinging, attached’ > ‘dependent’ sethenn ‘small arrow’ [not in]. Eph 6:16 > sethow: Gk belh doesn’t imply that they’re small] sevyans ‘uprising’ > omsav ‘uprising’ sewya ‘sew’ > gwrias shafta > sheft, palader (when in sense of[e.g. spear-] shaft – Hab 3:14. shafta means ‘mine-shaft’, which would be OK for the shaft leading to Hell in Revelation 9:1,2) simes pl. > simyon ‘monkeys’ sira da > sira-da sira wynn> sira-wynn skarfa ‘to scarf, spline’[not in, though skarf, noun, is] skath-revya > skath-roevya skennynn > skennenn ‘tough bit of meat’ skians ‘science’ > skiens skommynn> skommenn ‘splinter’ skotter ‘shelter’ [not in GM09: change to goskes?] skovarnow> skovornow skrifa m. ‘inscription’ > skrifedh f. [is that right? shouldn’t –edh be masc.? Or is skrifeth fem. meant?] [skrifa-kemmynn; or kemmynn ] ‘will’ > kemmynnskrif Gal 3:15 Heb 9:16,17 Gk diathhkh skubyllenn dhens > skubyllenn dhyns skuthenn ‘shearwater’ [not in] skwatya > skwattya skyr > skyrr ‘splinters’ sley > sleygh sleyneth > sleyghneth sodh ‘truth’ > soedh sotla ‘to subtilize’ [not in GM09] solempna > solem adj. solempnyta > solempnita spavenhe > spavennhe spensers pl. > spensoryon spernenn dhu > spern du coll. spernenn velyn % > spern melyn coll. spernenn wynn > spren gwynn coll. splettyar ‘spotted hen’ [not in] spyrysyon pl. + -yow stanchura ‘pay with pitch, seal’ [not in; use kalkya?] stevell-dhiskwedhyans ‘exhibition hall’ [not in] strok f. sing. > strekys f. sing. strekys f. pl. > strokosow stroth > stroeth ‘tight’ strotha > stroetha strypya > stryppya stus ‘course of study’ > steus styl > styll ‘beam’ subjektya [not in] tal-sogh > talsogh ‘stupid’ tann impv. > tanna tansys > tanses taranek > tarennek taraner > tarenner tarena > tarenna tasmeth > tasveth [reverting to GM93 spelling] tebel el > tebel-el [hyphenated in sense of ‘devil’ – but no hyphen if ‘evil angel’ is required. Ps78:49 tebel eledh no hyphen] tenewenn > tenewen [reverting to GM93 spelling] tenow % > tnow ‘valley bottom’ [reverting to GM93 spelling] tergoska ‘doze’ > gogoska ternas ‘kingdom’ [not in GM09] terros > terroes testa >desta tethow > tethi, tethow ‘teats’ tevysek > tevesik tid ‘tide’ [not in GM09 – use mordid] tollek ‘holed’ > tellek tormens pl. > tormentys ‘torments’ toth >toeth travel ‘long walk’ > travail ‘labour’ travydh > travyth trelouba ‘stir’ > treylouba [presumably this means stirring mud or slime; can it be used for e.g. tea or coffee? I doubt it!] trelya > treylya + compounds tremadheves ‘dance in a ring’ [not in] trev f. ‘farmstead’ > trev coll. ‘collection of houses’
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